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Year : 2015 Month : July Volume : 4 Issue : 62 Page : 10771-10777

A COMPARATIVE STUDY SHOWING EFFICACY OF PREEMPTIVE INTRAVENOUS PARACETAMOL IN REDUCING POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIC REQUIREMENT IN LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY.

Aftab Ahmad Khan1, Shabir Ahmad Sofi2, Farhana Bashir3, Mushtaq Ahmad Rather4

1. Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, GMC Srinagar.
2. Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, GMC Srinagar.
3. Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, GMC Srinagar.
4. Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care. GMC Srinagar.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Mushtaq Ahmad Rather.
Email : mushtaqahmad767@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Mushtaq Ahmad Rather.
Senior Resident,
Department of Anaesthesiology and
Critical Care, GMC, Srinagar-190006.
E-mail: mushtaqahmad767@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: A double blind, prospective, randomized study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA I and II undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy to evaluate the efficacy of pre-emptive IV paracetamol [PCM] in reducing postoperative pain and analgesic requirement. Patients were randomly assigned in two groups, group A and group B of which group A received pre-emptive IV PCM 10 minutes before skin incision. It was observed that time to first analgesic required was significantly longer in group A as compared to group B and group A had significantly lower total analgesic consumption and visual analogue scores (VAS) as compared to group B.  We concluded that pre-emptive use of IV PCM (Paracetamol) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy significantly decreases postoperative pain and analgesic requirement.

KEYWORDS: IV PCM, postoperative pain and analgesia, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, tramadol.

INTRODUTION: Pain is a protective mechanism designed to alert the body to potentially injurious stimulus. Postoperative pain can affect virtually all organ systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary systems etc. and above all it leads to anxiety and fatigue. Surveys indicate that approximately 86% of patients experience moderate to severe pain postoperatively.1

Pre-emptive pain control is an issue dealt with in recent years. The purpose of pre-emptive analgesia is to prevent central sensitization of pain pathways that reduces the amount of analgesic requirements.2 This results in decline in morbidity promoting wellness and shortening the length of hospital stays.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the surgical procedures being considered as a day care surgical case. Pain after laparoscopy is multifactorial and different treatments have been proposed to provide pain relief.3,4

PCM  is  a mild non-opioid analgesic that  is well tolerated  and  relatively   free of side effects at clinical doses.5 It primarily acts  on central nervous system by  way of central cyclooxygenase  inhibition, and  probably   has an  indirect influence on  the serotoninergic system.6

Present study was undertaken to find out the analgesic efficacy of   pre-emptive IV PCM in decreasing postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double blind study was conducted in the department of anesthesiology and critical care GMC Srinagar from 1st March 2015 to 31st May 2015 after institutional ethical committee clearance. We had taken 60  patients  of ASA I and  II of  both  sexes in the age group  of  20-60 years scheduled for laparoscopic  cholecystectomy.

 

Exclusion Criteria were: Patients with history of:

  1. Allergic reaction to NSAIDS.
  2. Bleeding diathesis.
  3. Chronic alcoholism.
  4. Intake of PCM for 3 months or more.
  5. Cardiovascular illness.
  6. Gastric or duodenal ulcer.
  7. Patients converted to open cholecystectomy.

 

Patients were randomly allocated into two groups, group A and group B. Group A received pre-emptive IV PCM 1gram/100ml 10mts before incision. Group B received IV PCM 1gram/100ml at the end of surgery.        On the evening before surgery, patients were clinically evaluated, investigated and assured. Patients were instructed about the evaluation of pain using VAS of 0-10cm (0-no pain and 10-worst pain).

The anesthesia technique was standardized. Anesthesia was induced with injection propofol 2 mg/kg body wt. and injection fentanyl 1µg/kgwt. Patients were intubated using muscle relaxant injection atracurium 0.5mg/kgwt. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (1.2%) in 50% nitrous oxide with oxygen. Patients were monitored throughout the procedure using minimum mandatory monitoring.

Postoperatively patients were monitored for pain, if the patients experienced pain injection tramadol 2mg/ml IV was given as a rescue analgesic. VAS at different time interval (15mts, 30mts, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 6hr, 8hr, 12hr and 18hr) for each patient  were  statistically analyzed. Total rescue tramadol required/24hr by each patient was recorded.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical software SPSS (version 20.0) was used to carry out the statistical analysis of data. Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics viz, means, standard deviations and percentages and presented by means of Bar and Line diagrams. For parametric data, Student’s independent t-test was employed. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, whichever appropriate, was used for non-parametric data. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

Variable

Group A

(n=30)

Group B

(n=30)

P-value

Age (years)

41.5±8.72

39.7±9.23

0.441#

Weight (Kg)

64.3±11.12

61.8±10.26

0.369#

Gender (M/F)

(8/22)

(7/23)

0.766#

ASA (I/II)

(26/4)

(23/7)

0.504#

Table 1: Demographic profile of patients

# Statistically Non-significant Difference.


VAS At

Group A

Group B

P-value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

15 Min

3.1

1.64

3.3

1.82

0.656#

30 Min

3.0

1.52

3.9

1.25

0.015*

1 Hour

2.9

1.39

4.1

1.26

<0.001*

2 Hour

3.6

1.42

3.7

1.53

0.794#

4 Hour

3.2

1.16

3.3

1.38

0.762#

6 Hour

2.6

1.50

2.9

1.19

0.394#

8 Hour

2.4

1.09

2.5

1.44

0.762#

12 Hour

1.5

1.47

1.8

1.27

0.401#

18 Hour

0.9

0.87

1.2

0.92

0.199#

24 Hour

0.6

0.95

0.8

0.80

0.381#

Table 2: Comparison of VAS between two groups at various time intervals

 

* Statistically Significant Difference, #Statistically Non-significant Difference.

 

 

 

Group A

(n=30)

Group B

(n=30)

P-value

Analgesic Consumption

(tramadol mg)

58.0±37.96

106.5±45.29

<0.001*

Patients requiring supplemental analgesic

in first 6 hours, n (%)

13 (43.3%)

22 (73.3%)

0.018*

Patients requiring supplemental

analgesic in 6-12 hours

4 (13.3%)

12 (40%)

0.041*

Patients requiring supplemental

analgesic in 12-24 hours

0 (0%)

1 (3.3%)

1.000#

Table 3: Shows analgesic consumption of patients

* Statistically Significant Difference, #Statistically Non-significant Difference.

 

 

 

 

Group A

(n=30)

Group B

(n=30)

P-value

First Analgesic requirement

time (min)

158.7±69.43

89.2±43.84

<0.001*

Table 4: Shows First Analgesic requirement time (min)

 

* Statistically Significant Difference.

 

Our results showed no demographic difference among the two groups [table 1]. Patients in group A had significantly lower VAS scores as compared to group B [table 2]. The total tramadol consumption in postoperative period was 58.0±37.96 in group A as compared to group B 106.5±45.29 [table 3] i.e. statistically significant. Time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group A 158.7±69.43 than group B i.e. 89.2±43.84mts [table 4].

DISCUSSION: Effective analgesia is an essential part of postoperative management and carries benefits other than increased patient comfort. Due to the negative effects and complications caused by postoperative pain, it has to be treated in a fast and effective manner. Pain management should be started prior to pain initiation. The methods and agents for which pre-emptive analgesic effectiveness has been researched are mostly NSAIDS, opioids, ketamine, PCM, peripheral local anaesthetics and epidural analgesia.7

PCM is part of the class of drugs known as ‘analine analgesics’. It is the only such drug still in use today.8 It has got both central and peripheral actions. The central action is the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme and recently suggested that it is highly selective for COX-28 and COX-3.9 The peripheral analgesic mechanism of PCM is due to its metabolites i.e. NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) which acts on transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRAPAI) receptors in spinal cord to alleviate pain.10 PCM has a good safety profile and easily passes through blood brain barrier, which assures it as an effective analgesic.11

Present study demonstrates the role of pre-emptive IV PCM in reducing postoperative pain and tramadol consumption following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. IV PCM 1gram has analgesic activity in moderate to severe postoperative pain similar to ketorolac 30mg,12 diclofenac 75mg13 and morphine 10mg.14 It has been observed that iv PCM 1gram preoperatively or intraoperatively provided good postoperative analgesia, with decreased requirement of morphine and reduced side effects.6

Mustafa Arsian et al [2013] in their prospective randomized study also demonstrated that IV PCM given as pre-emptive analgesic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy significantly decreases VAS scores and total opioid consumption postoperatively.15

The opioid sparing effect and decrease in postoperative pain was also observed in a study conducted by Joaquin et al [2001] using proparacetamol 2gram iv as an adjunct to PCA morphine in patients operated for spinal fusion.16

Our study is in accordance with above studies in terms of opioid sparing and reduction of postoperative VAS scores in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Group A had total tramadol consumption of 58.0±37.96 in 24hrs postoperatively as compared to 106.5±45.29 in group B. The time to first analgesic requirement was 158.7±69.43 as compared to 89.2±43.84 in group B. Also the postoperative VAS scores were significantly decreased in group A as compared to in group B [Table 2].

Hence it can be concluded from our study that administration of preemptive IV PCM 1gram 10mts before surgery significantly decreases postoperative pain and total analgesic requirements and hence can be confidently used for better postoperative pain management.

 

REFERENCES:

1.    Mesoli, Govegoankar; Post-operative pain relief for ambulatory surgery. Indian Medical Gazette April 2003: pages 138-150.
2.    Grape S, Tramèr MR. Do we need preemptive analgesia for the treatment of postoperative pain? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007; 21: 51–63.
3.    Alexander JI. Pain after laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 369.
4.    Wils VL, Hunt DR. Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 273.
5.    Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, Thomas J, Fox L. Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 1998 Aug; 87(2): 368-72.
6.    Semih Arici, Alp Gurbet et al. Pre-emptive analgesic effects of intravenous paracetamol in total abdominal hysterectomy. Agri 2009; 21(2): 54-61.
7.    Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia--treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 362-79.
8.    Bertolini A, Ferrari A, Ottani A, Guerzoni S, Tacchi R, Leone S. "Paracetamol: new vistas of an old drug". CNS Drug Reviews 2006; 12 (3-4): 250-75.
9.    Chandrashekaran NV et al. PNAS Oct. 15, 2000, Vol. 99, No. 21: 13926-13931.
10.    Anderson DA, Gentry C, Alenmyr L, Killander D, Lewis SE et al. TRPAI mediates spinal antinociception induced by acetaminophen and the cannabinoid 9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol. Nat Commun 2011; 2: 551.
11.    Flouvat B, Leneveu A, Fitoussi S, Delhotal-Landes B, Gendron A. Bioequivalence study comparing a new paracetamol solution for injection and propacetamol after single intravenous infusion in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 42: 50-7.
12.    Lee SY, Lee WH, Lee EH, Han KC, Ko YK. He effects of paracetamol, ketorolac, and paracetamol plus morphine on paincontrol after thyroidectomy. Korean J Pain. 2010; 23: 124–30.
13.    Akarsu S, Sahin S, Kara C, Akdemir N, Degerli S. A comparison between parenteral paracetamol and diclofenac for acute postoperetive pain treatment in patients after caeserean section. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 7: 262–6.
14.    Craig M, Jevons R, Probert J, Benger J. Randomised comparison of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous morphine for acute traumaticlimb pain in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2012; 29: 37–9.
15.    Mustafa Arslan, Bahadır Celep, Ramazan Çiçek, Hülya Üstün Kalender, and Hüseyin Yılmaz. Comparing the efficacy of preemptive intravenous paracetamol on the reducing effect of opioid usage in cholecystectomy. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Mar; 18(3): 172–177.
16.    Hernandez-Palazon J, Tortosa JA, Martinez-Lage JF, Perez-Flores D. Intravenous administration of propacetamol reduces morphine consumption after spinal fusion surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001 Jun; 92(6): 1473-6.





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