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Year : 2019 Month : September Volume : 8 Issue : 38 Page : 2907-2910

Evaluation of DMFT and CPITN Indices among Users of Various Drugs.

Khadijeh Abdal1, Reza Vilizadeh2, Aref Nazari3, Mohammad Reza Hafezi Ahmadi4, Mohammad Ali Rozgar5

1Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. 2Associate professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. 3Student of dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. 4Associate professor, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran and Associate professor, Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. 5Associate professor, Department of Periodentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Mohammad Ali Rozgar,
Email : dr.faribaabdal@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Corresponding Author:
Mohammad Ali Rozgar,
Department of Periodentistry,
Faculty of Dentistry,
Ilam University of Medical Sciences,
Ilam, Iran.
E-mail: dr.faribaabdal@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Addiction, in addition to social and economic problems, can cause serious oral health complications and impose huge costs of treatment and elimination of oral health problems among addicts. The present study was conducted to investigate DMFT and CPITN indices among drug users in Ilam's addiction treatment center.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in Ilam's addiction treatment centers and all patients who visited the centers for drug rehabilitation for one month were closely examined and studied. Clinical examinations were performed by the dentist in order to evaluate DMFT and CPITN indices. The collected data was analysed by SPSS version 18. ANOVA and t-student were used to examine the individual information and oral indices.

RESULTS

Most of the patients were aged between 30 to 40 years and their mean age was 42.16±5.6; the youngest subject was 20 and the eldest was 77 years old, who were addicted to marijuana and opium. 197 (97.5%) male and 5 (2.5%) female subjects were studied. 130 patients (64.5%) were addicted to opium, 26 (12.8%) to heroine, 20 (9.9%), 11 (5.4%) to crack 15 (7.4%) were addicted to marijuana. 147 (73%) of addicts had dyspepsia and 98 (48.5%) had severe dental sensitivity. Temporomandibular joint disorders were observed in 84 (42%) patients; severe gingival bleeding was observed in 42 cases. The mean DMFT index turned out to be 15.8 in this study. Drug users in this study had an inappropriate oral and dental health status.

CONCLUSIONS

Proper oral health and preventive dental care interventions are strongly recommended in treatment centers.

KEY WORDS

DMFT, CPITN, Addiction, Oral Health, Drugs

BACKGROUND

Addiction is a chronic disease the close analysis of which is of paramount importance due to oral and dental health in addition to numerous social and economic problems. Undoubtedly, the type of drug used and its mode of use affect the quality and extent of oral health injuries.(1) The viewpoints of addicted people towards the principles of oral hygiene, preservation of beauty and efficiency of teeth are not very positive; thus, they cannot be expected to observe health principles; this same approach has provided the basis for generating an unhealthy environment in the mouth and the occurrence of various types of oral and dental disorders.(2) Types of drugs and tobacco are used by eating, sucking, injecting and inhalation, and due to the close proximity to oral and dental tissues, gradually the teeth and their retaining tissues are damaged.(3) Unfortunately, the destructive effects of these materials on the teeth and tissues of the mouth are so rapid and widespread that addicted individuals are sometimes identified by paying attention to their oral health and dental tissues. Substances that affect oral hygiene include cocaine, crack, crystal, amphetamines, alcohol, opium, marijuana and tobacco.(4) Cocaine is a strong acidic stimulant for teeth and causes decomposition of enamel. Inhaling cocaine powder can damage the palate and create a hole between the nose and mouth. Rubbing cocaine powder into the gum causes oral ulcers.(5) Using cocaine causes muscle spasms in the jaw and mouth, the ultimate result of which is bruxism. Since crack is smoked to be used, it has a direct impact on teeth.(6) Using crustal causes meth mouth because the drug quickly eliminates the teeth and affects the tissue of the gums by damaging blood vessels; crystal causes a severe reduction in saliva, and individuals addicted to this substance suffer from severe stroke.(7) Reducing the amount of saliva and the high tendency of these people to consume sweets increases the rate of tooth decay. Amphetamines, known as ecstasy, MDMA and mole, are known to cause severe oral and tooth bleeding in consumers.(8,9) Alcohol is an acidic substance that is made from fermentation of sugars that quickly decay teeth. Colourful alcoholic beverages such as wine leave stain on the crown of the teeth and make them unpleasant to look at.(5,7) Opium and opioids, such as heroin, cause severe damage to the crown and root of the tooth. Also, individuals addicted to these substances have a high inclination to use sugary substances, thus causing high incidence of bruxism.(10) When heroin is inhaled, the risk of developing fungal and viral infections increases in the mouth. Marijuana can cause cancer in the mouth,(3,8) by causing dryness in the mouth, this drug eliminates tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Smoking and chewing tobacco increase the risk of oral cancer. (11) Tobacco use can cause severe dry mouth, bad breath, and colour changes in the tissues of the mouth and gum disease. (3) Regardless of the negative consequences of drug use, unfortunately, according to statistics, there are more than 1 million and 700 thousand people with an average age of 32 years in Iran.(4) Research shows that the most commonly used drug used in Iran belongs to the opioid group, including opium, sap, heroin and cotyledon.(7) Since treatment and rehabilitation of addicts imposes huge costs on community and considering the importance and seriousness of oral health problems, it is necessary to develop a proper care plan and approach. The oral health of addicts is considered to be a dental service that should be included in the comprehensive health program of the country, which will reduce dental complications and facilitate their return to the community. The present study was conducted to evaluate the DMFT (Decimal-missing-filled-teeth index) and CPITN (Community-Periodontal-Index-of-Treatment-Needs) indices among drug users in Ilam's addiction treatment center in order to improve the oral and dental health of these people and develop educational programs to prevent the use of narcotic drugs for other people in society, including students and university students, by collecting information.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ilam's addiction centers and all people who visited the centers for drug rehabilitation for one month were closely examined and studied (202 subjects). Questionnaires were filled by interviewing the subject about sex, age, history of addiction, type of drug abuse, occupation, educational level, place of residence and marital status. After the interview, the clinical examinations were performed by the dentist to assess the DMFT and CPITN indices. Before the oral examination, one toothbrush and toothpaste were given to each subject. After brushing, patients were examined on a regular chair using a flashlight, a WHO probe; a Williams graded catheter and a disposable mirror. The DMFT index is a formula that determines the number of rotten, dropped, and filled teeth the checklist of which is completed for each individual. The data was analysed by SPSS-18. ANOVA and t-student was used to examine the individual information and oral indicators. The significance level was considered less than 0.05.

The present project was approved at the Ethics Committee of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Prior to the commencement of the project, the written consent of each participant was obtained, and he/she was ensured about the confidentiality of information.

 RESULTS

The present study was conducted on 202 drug addicts admitting to the addiction treatment centers in Ilam. Most of the patients were between 30-40 years and the mean age was 42.16± 5.6 The youngest was 20 and the eldest was 77 years old, and they were addicted to weed and opium. 197 (97.5%) patients were male and 5 (2.5%) were female (Table 1). 71.5% had no history of referring to the dentist, and 57% did not have toothbrushes. The highest smoking rate was 40 cigarettes per day, observed among opium users. 147 (73%) addicts had dyspepsia problem and 98 (48.5%) had severe dental sensitivity (Table 2). The highest rate of dryness and dental sensitivity were observed among heroin users. Temporomandibular-joint disorders were seen in 84 patients (42%), mostly among crystal users. Aphthous stomatitis was observed in 20 cases, herpetic in 35 cases, candida in 24 cases, leukoplakia in 6 cases, and oral mucosal pigmentation in 86 cases. 38 patients had complete prosthesis, 15 patients had partial prosthesis and 21 had fixed prosthesis. Based on the CPITN index, 4 cases had healthy gums, 55 cases had gingival bleeding (Code 1), 93 had dental masses (Code 2), 64 had 4 mm probe depths (Code 3), and 43 had more than 4 mm probe depths (Code 4); severe gingival bleeding was observed in 42 cases. The mean DMFT index in this study was 15.8, 0.9% of the teeth were restored in each subject, 3.8% of teeth were rotten and 5.5% of teeth were lost.

 

Variables

No.

%

Mean ± SD

DMFT

p-Value DMFT

Mean ± SD

CPITN

p-Value

Age group

20-30

38

18.8%

12/5+4/6

0.02

22/5+3/6

0.004

31-40

65

32.2%

13/7+5/6

24/5+4/2

41-50

52

25.7%

17/5+3/6

25/5+2/6

51-60

34

16.8%

21/5+4/6

27/5+4/3

61-70

13

6.5%

27/5+2/6

28/5+4/6

Gender

Male

197

97.5%

17/5+2/6

0.32

18/5+3/6

0.021

Female

5

2.5%

21/8+4/6

23/7+4/2

Marriage

Single

48

23.7%

17/5+3/6

0.06

22/5+4/2

0.011

Married

154

76.3%

16/5+4/6

28/5+3/6

Job

Employee

25

12.3%

16/5+4/6

0.07

25/5+2/6

0.045

Free job

134

66.4%

17/7+3/5

30/7+3/5

Unemployed

43

21.3%

19/3+4/7

33/9+4/6

Education

Illiterate

7

3.5%

19/5+5/6

0.09

22/2+3/6

0.034

Cycle

128

63.4%

19/4+6/6

28/5+4/2

Diploma

47

23.3%

16/5+4/3

30/7+2/4

Licentiate degree

15

7.4%

17/7+6/5

33/6+4/1

And more

5

2.45%

16/6+8/6

36/5+3/6

Table 1. Mean ± SD, DMFT and CPITN Addicts by Age, Sex,

Marital Status, Occupation and Education

 

Variables

Number

Percentage

Dental condition

Full dentures

38

18.9%

Partial denture

15

7.6%

Fixed prosthesis

21

10.25%

Oral pigmentation

Have

86

42.6%

No have

116

57.4%

Xerostomia

Have

147

23.7%

No have

55

76.3%

Dental sensitivity

Have

98

48.5%

No have

104

51.5%

Oral ulcer

Aphthous ulcers

20

9.9%

Herpetic ulcers

35

17.3%

Candidiasis

24

11.8%

Table 2. Distribution of Addicts according to the Dental Condition,

Oral Ulcers, Leukoplakia, Candida, Xerostomia and TMD

 

 DISCUSSION

Given that few studies have been conducted on the oral and dental problems of drug users, the present study can explain some of the oral and dental problems and its effective factors, hoping to establish interventions to improve the oral health of addicts on the level of community. According to the present study, the mean age of the population was 6.5 ± 16.42 years, with an age range of 30-40 years; the youngest and oldest subjects were 20 and 77 years old. According to the results of O’sullivan study in Ireland, 59% of the subjects under study were under 40 years of age and that the age range of the subjects was 18-73 years, which is similar to the results of the current study.(9) A study conducted in Aligudarz and Ardebil showed that the mean age of addicts was 34.5 and 36.3 years, indicating that most addicts were between the ages of 30 and 40, thus creating the chance of returning to society.(10,11) Unfortunately, the oral complications of drug abuse affect the individual and social functions of the individual, isolating the addict due to unpleasant appearance; consequently, the severity of addiction increases and the likelihood of rehabilitation is reduced; therefore, paying more attention to eliminating the oral problems of these people becomes more and more important and the necessity of rehabilitation becomes increasingly significant. In regard with education, 63% of subjects had completed secondary education; additionally, it was observed that addiction is less common among educated students.

The mean DMFT index was 15.8% in this study, a rate which was 14.4% in O’sullivan's and 16% in Akbari's study.(9,12) The prevalence of dry mouth was 73% in this study, a rate which turned out to be 50% in Ayramloo's research.(13) Dry mouth is an important factor in increasing the incidence of dental caries, periodontal problems and TMD disorders. The main cause of dry mouth remains unclear due to the use of drugs, and drugs, especially methamphetamine compounds, appear to reduce the flow of saliva by vasoconstriction. The prevalence of TMD was 42% in this study, which was similar to the results of Almus and Akbari studies that reported a prevalence of 41% and 36.5% for TMD.(12,14) The results of Shetty's studies showed a prevalence of 22.3% for TMD.(15) These findings suggest that drugs are likely to increase oral pigmentation habits. Dental pigmentation and oral mucosa were observed in 43% of cases, which with a rate of 30.8%, was reported as the most common complication in Shirazi's study.(16) The results of Akbari's studies showed the rate of oral pigmentation in addicts to be 34.5%, which is consistent with the results of the present study.(12) The prevalence of oral ulcers and herpes was 25% among subjects, which turned out to be similar to that of the O’sullivan's study, which reported a rate of 20% for the incidence of oral ulcers.(9) In the present study, 3% of subjects had leukoplakia, which was quite similar to the results of the Akbari study, with a rate of 4%.(12) Sujutha and Patil reported a 14% and 8.2% incidence of leukoplakia, respectively.(17,18) 57% of the addicts participating in the present research never brushed; however, 44.2% of subjects either didn't brush or brushed quite infrequently in Ghane's study.(19) In a study conducted in the Netherlands, 48% of subjects with a history of drug abuse were brushing at least once a day; in Morio's study, roughly 40% of subjects brushed at least once daily.(20,21) In this study, 28.5% of the patients had referred to the dentist over the past year and 83% of them had gone to health centers due to tooth decay. In Ghane's study, 31.5% of drug addicts had referred to dental centers during the last 12 months, which is consistent with the results of the present study.(19) In Schekarchizadeh's study, more than half of the subjects (57%) had gone to a dentist in the past year.(22) In Mckenna and Laslett's studies, 22.4% and 40% of drug addicts had referred to dentistry during the past year.(23,24)

 

CONCLUSIONS

According to the findings of the present study, besides the destructive effects of narcotic drugs on oral tissues, lack of oral hygiene, inappropriate nutrition, increased sugar content and lack of referral to the dentist are some of the most important causes of oral and dental problems among individuals with drug abuse history. Considering the results of the present study, it seems that attention to oral and dental health of addicted people and encouraging them to undergo addiction rehabilitation is of special importance. The development of comprehensive programs for oral health promotion of such people seems essential. Therefore, it is recommended to provide proper training of oral health and implement preventive dental interventions in addiction treatment centers.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This article is based on a research project approved by the Ethics Committee of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. I am grateful to Ilam University of Medical Sciences for the financial support during the conduct of this study.

 

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