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Year : 2019 Month : November Volume : 8 Issue : 46 Page : 3437-3440

A Retrospective Descriptive Study on Distribution of Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Different Sites of Oral Cavity in a Tertiary Care Centre, Chennai.

Bakyalakshmi K1, Sarala K2, Karthikeyan D3, Kayal L4

1Department of Dental Surgery, Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 2Department of Dental Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 3Department of Dental Surgery, Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 4Department of Dental Surgery, Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Dr. Sarala Kessavalou,
Email : drk.sarala@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Corresponding Author:
Dr. Sarala Kessavalou,
Department of Dental Surgery,
Government Medical College and Hospital,
Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail: drk.sarala@gmail.com

 

ABSSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. In India it is the most common cancer among the males; among the females, it is the third most common cancer. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the different primary site of occurrence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), its age and gender distribution.

METHODS

A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the department of Dental Surgery, Stanley Medical College and Hospital. A total number of 196 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of OSCC were selected for the study. The cases were systematically grouped under various sites of OSCC, age and gender and the findings were formulated.

RESULTS

A total number of 196 patients were diagnosed as OSCC with the male to female ratio of 3:1, buccal mucosa 78 (39.79%) and tongue 77 (39.28%) are the most common sites involved, followed by mandibular alveolus with 13 (6.63%). 7 (3.57%) had primary lesion at maxillary and retromolar trigone respectively. 5 (2.51%) had the lesion in palate and floor of the mouth. Four patients (2.04%) had the lesion in labial mucosa. Highest number of 57 (29.8%) patients was in the age group of 41-50.

CONCLUSIONS

Oral cancer is one of the major public health problems associated with risk habits commonly involving the buccal mucosa and tongue. It can easily be prevented by conducting awareness programme among the high-risk groups. Prevention and early intervention will reduce the mortality rate of OSCC.

KEY WORDS

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Primary Site, Buccal Mucosa, Tongue

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 95% of all forms of head and neck cancer, and during the past decade its incidence has increased by 50%.1 Globally Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth more common cancer.2 Consumption of tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for the development of OSCC. Cigarette and cigar smoking, tobacco chewing, using snuff accounts for the development of OSCC. 85% of head and neck cancers are due to use of tobacco.3 Apart from tobacco, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, genetic factors and oral hygiene are other risk factors.4 OSCC has a most common clinical feature of ulcerated lesion with a central necrotic area or raised exophytic margins.5 It may also present as a lump, as a red lesion, as a white or mixed white and red lesion, as a non-healing extraction socket or as a cervical lymph node enlargement, characterized by hardness or fixation. OSCC occurs commonly on the buccal mucosa, tongue, floor of the mouth, palate, alveolus and lip. OSCC can be prevented and detected at an early stage. The purpose of the retrospective descriptive study was to evaluate the common site of occurrence of OSCC in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai.

 METHODS

In this retrospective descriptive study (January 2016 to December 2018), data of 196 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of OSCC were selected from the department of Dental Surgery, Stanley Medical College and Hospital. Details of patient’s age, gender and site of primary tumour were collected and statistically analysed and the results were formulated. The anatomic sites included in the study were buccal mucosa, mandibular alveolus, maxillary alveolus, tongue, palate, retro molar trigone, floor of the mouth and labial mucosa.

RESULTS

Total numbers of 196 patients were included in the study. Among the 196 patients 147 (75%) were males and 49 (25%) were females with a male: female ratio of 3:1 (Table 1), the age of the patient ranged from 28 years to 80 years. Table 2 shows the age of distribution of the patients. Maximum numbers of 57 (29.8%) patients were under the age group of 41-50 years, followed by 48 (24.4%) patients in the age group of 31-40 years. Minimum number of 5 (2.5%) were in the age group of 21-30 years. 45 (22.9%) were in the age group of 51-60 years and 39 (19.89%) above 60 years of age. Various site of occurrence of OSCC is shown in Table 3. Among the site of occurrence of OSCC buccal mucosa and tongue are the most common sites involved in this study with 78 (39.79%) and 77 (39.28%) of patients respectively. 13 (6.63%) patients had OSCC of mandibular alveolus. 7 (3.57%) cases had OSCC of maxillary alveolus and retromolar trigone respectively. Followed by 5 (2.51%) cases each involving the palate and floor of the mouth and 4 (2.04%) cases with the involvement of labial mucosa.

Table 4 shows the variation in distribution of squamous cell carcinoma involving the various sites of oral cavity such as buccal mucosa, tongue, mandibular alveolus, maxillary alveolus, retro molar trigone, palate, floor of the mouth and labial mucosa according to age group and gender. Out of the total 196 patients 78 (39.79%) had OSCC of buccal mucosa. Among the 78 patients 57 (73.07%) were males and 21 (26.92%) were females. Maximum number of patients 29 (37.17%) in both the gender were in the age group of 41-50 and minimum in the age group if 21-30 with only 3(3.84%) male patients. Total of 77 (39.28%) had tongue involvement out of which 60 (77.92%) were males and 17(22.07%) were females. 19 (24.67%) of males were in the age group of 31-40 and 15 (19.48%) and 14 (18.18%) male patients were in the age group of 41-50 and 51-60 respectively. Only 1 (1.29%) case had the involvement of tongue in the age group of 21-30 among both the sexes. Total of 13 (6.63%) cases had OSCC in the mandibular alveolus with 8 (61.53%) males and 5 (38.46%) females. Maximum of 6 (46.15%) were in the age group of 41-50 with 4 (30.76%) males and 2 (15.25%) females. 4 (30.76%) were in the age group of 41-50 with 2 (15.38%) of cases in each gender. One (7.69%) male patient was in the age group of more than 60 years and no cases reported in the age group of 21-30. The variation in the involvement of maxillary alveolus is, among 196 patients 7 (3.57%) were in this group. 4(57.14%) were female and 3 (42.85%) were males. Maximum of 3 (42.85%) cases were in the age group of more than 60 followed by 2 (28.57%) in the age group of 51-60 and one female in the age group of 31-40 and 41-50 respectively. All the 5 (2.51%) cases reported in the palate were males, with 2 (40%) cases in the age group of 31-40 and 51-60 respectively. One (20%) male patient was above the age group of 60. No female patient had palatal involvement. Similar to the distribution of palate there were no female patients with OSCC in floor of the mouth. Among the total number of 5 (2.51%) male patients 2(40%), 2(40%) and 1 (20%) were in the age group of 31-40, 51-61 and above 60 years respectively. Only 4 (2.04%) had OSCC in labial mucosa in this study. Out of the total number of 49 female patients only one (25%) above the age of 60 years had the lesion in labial mucosa. Among the males 2(50%) patients were above the age of 60 and 1(25%) was in the age group of 31-40 with total number of 3 (75%) male patients.

 

Gender

No. of Cases (n=196)

% of Patients

Male

147

75%

Female

49

25%

Table 1. Prevalence of OSCC According to Gender

 

Age of Patients in (Years)

No. of Patients (n=196)

% of Patients

21-30

5

2.5

31-40

48

24.4

41-50

57

29.8

51-60

45

22.9

>60

39

19.89

Table 2. Prevalence of OSCC in Different Age Groups

 

Different Site of Oral Cavity

No. of Patients (n=196)

% of Patients

Buccal mucosa

78

39.79

Tongue

77

39.28

Mandibular alveolus

13

6.63

Maxillary alveolus

7

3.57

Retro molar trigone

7

3.57

Palate

5

2.51

Floor of the mouth

5

2.51

Labial mucosa

4

2.04

Table 3. Distribution of OSCC in Various Sites of Oral Cavity

Site

Age (Years)

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

>60

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

Buccal mucosa

3

(3.8)

-

17

(21.79)

3

(3.8)

22

(28.2)

7

(8.97)

10

(12.82)

4

(5.12)

5

(6.41)

7

(8.91)

 

Tongue

1

(1.29)

1

(1.29)

19

(24.67)

2

(2.59)

15

(19.48)

7

(9.09)

14

(18.18)

3

(3.8)

12

(15.58)

4

(5.1)

Mandibular alveolus

-

-

1

(7.69)

1

(7.69)

4

(30.76)

2

(15.2)

2

(15.2)

2

(15.2)

1

(7.69)

1

(7.69)

Maxillary alveolus

-

-

-

1

(14.2)

1

(14.2)

1

(14.2)

1

(14.2)

1

(14.2)

2

(28.5%)

1

(14.2)

Retro molar trigone

-

-

2

(28.57)

-

2

(28.57)

-

2

(28.57)

-

-

-

Palate

-

-

2(40)

-

2(40)

-

1(20)

-

-

-

Floor of the mouth

-

-

2(40)

-

-

-

2(40)

-

1(20)

-

Labial mucosa

-

-

1(25)

-

-

-

-

-

2(50)

1(25)

Table 4. Variation in Distribution of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving Various Sites of Oral Cavity According to Age Group and Gender

 

DISCUSSION

The aim of this study was to represent variation in distribution pattern of OSCC in the oral cavity according to age group and gender. Oral cancer is the major public health problem of India. It is one among the top three types cancer in Indian subcontinent.6 The most common oral malignancy representing up to 80-90 % of all malignant neoplasm of oral cavity is OSCC. Major risk factors of OSCC include smoking, drinking, human papilloma viral infection (HPV), candida infection, genetic predisposition and UV radiation exposure.7 OSCC predominantly affects males with variables of male: female ratio ranging from 6:1 to 2:1,8,9 in accordance with the present study where the ratio is 3:1. The age range of the patient in the present study was 28 to 80 years. Peak prevalence of OSCC (29.8%) was observed in the age group of 41 to 50 this was in consistent with Chettri DK et al,10 Singh MP et al.11

In the present study buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence of OSCC (39.79%), it was in consistent with Johnson NW et al, Srivastava V et al.12 In southeast Asian countries buccal mucosa is the most common site for OSCC, this is mainly because of the use of smokeless tobacco products like gutkha, betelnut chewing with or without tobacco products. Consumption of these products results in premalignant disorders like oral sub mucous fibrosis resulting in increased incidence of OSCC of buccal mucosa.13

Albuquerque et al,14 Falaki et al15 stated that tongue is the most common site of occurrence of OSCC this was in consistent with our study (39.28%). In Western countries OSCC is common in the tongue and the floor of the mouth due to alcohol consumption and smoking.16 In the present study alveolus is the third most common site of involvement of OSCC (10.22%). Lesion involving the mandibular alveolus is mostly by direct extension. Prevalence of mandibular lesion ranges from 12 to 56%.17 The retromolar trigone (RMT) is a triangular area bounded by temporal crest on the medial side, anterior border of ramus on the lateral side, and base posterior to the socket for the third molar.18 In the present study 7 (3.57%) had OSCC of RMT with a male predominance of 6 cases. Male predominance was observed in Tandon             et al19 with 6.67% of RMT. Tumours involving RMT can extend to involve muscles of mastication, soft palate, tonsillar pillars, floor of mouth, and parapharyngeal space. OSCC of palate is common among male due to the habit of smoking. In the present study 5 (2.51%) patients had OSCC of palate and all the 5 were males. This was in accordance with the study of Lihera et al 2008 20, in which the Chinese reported the highest M: F ratio of 3:1. In accordance with Shenoi et al21 and Tandon P et al22 OSCC of floor of the mouth was 2.51% and 2.35% respectively with male predominance this was in accordance with the present study. In our study 2.03% had OSCC of floor of the mouth all were male patients. In the study of Tandon et al 1.33% had oral cancer of labial mucosa, in the present study it was 2.04%.

CONCLUSION

OSCC is more common among males of 41- 50 years of age. Buccal mucosa and the tongue are the common sites of involvement of OSCC followed by the alveolar region. OSCC of RMT, palate, floor of the mouth and labial mucosa are common among males. Oral cavity is accessible for visual examination and can be diagnosed earlier by self-mouth examination. Awareness should be increased among the high-risk groups. Preventive measures have to be taken to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of oral cancer.

 


 

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