HEPATIC ENZYMES CHANGES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS- A NEED FOR MODIFIED REFERENCE VALUES.

Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives – a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int 2007;72(3):247-59. http://www.kdigo.org/pdf/Levey_ KI_2007.pdf                      

Farag YM, Kari JA, Singh AK. Chronic kidney disease in the Arab world: a call for action. Nephron Clin Pract 2012;121(3-4):c120-c3. DOI: 10.1159/000345149.       

Levey AS, Andreoli SP, DuBose T, et al. Chronic kidney disease: common, harmful and treatable – World Kidney Day 2007. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49(2):175-9.

Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International 2005;67(6):2089-100.               

Ofsthun NJ, LaBrecque J, Keen M, et al. The association of mortality and hospitalization with hemoglobin (Hb) and missed dialysis treatments in stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with and without cardiac comorbidities. In: Nephrology dialysis transplantation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press 2005.

Alashek WA. Epidemiology of dialysis-treated end-stage kidney disease in adults in Libya. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham 2013.           

Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005;172(3):367-79.       

Kratz A, Pesce M, Fink D. Appendix: laboratory values of clinical importance. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 17th edn. 2012. http://www.accessmedicine. com/ content. Aspx.

Fabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P. Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end‐stage renal disease. Hepatology 2002;36(1):3-10.             

Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister CJ, Miller LG. Clinical characteristics and mortality in hepatitis C-positive haemodialysis patients: a population based study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(8):1662-9.             

Nakayama E, Akiba T, Marumo F, et al. Prognosis of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody-positive patients on regular hemodialysis therapy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(10):1896-902.             

Fissell RB, Bragg-Gresham JL, et al. Patterns of hepatitis C prevalence and seroconversion in hemodialysis units from three continents: the DOPPS. Kidney International 2004;65(6):2335-42. 

Alashek WA, McIntyre CW, Taal MW. Hepatitis B and C infection in haemodialysis patients in Libya: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012;12(1): p. 265.                              

Rde SC, Lopea AA, Thome FS, et al. Chronic dialysis in Brazil: report of the Brazilian dialysis census, 2011. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia 2012;34(3):272-7.                       

Huraib S, al-Rashed R, Aldrees A, et al. High prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C in haemodialysis patients in Saudi Arabia: a need for new dialysis strategies. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(4):470-4.       

De Oliveira LIR, de Almeida LEP, De Mattos CMAG, et al. Liver enzymes in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012;67(2):131-4.                 

Ono K, Ono T, Matsumata T. The pathogenesis of decreased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity in the plasma of hemodialysis patients: the role of vitamin B6 deficiency. Clinical Nephrology 1995;43(6):405-8.         

Crawford DR, Reyna R, Weiner MW. Effects of in vivo and in vitro dialysis on plasma transaminase activity. Nephron 1978;22(4-6):418-22.  

Kovesdy CP, Ureche V, Lu JL, et al. Outcome predictability of serum alkaline phosphatase in men with pre-dialysis CKD. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25(9):3003-11.               

Eknoyan G, Lameire N. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013;3(1):1-150.                            

Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification            

Hrstić I and Ostojić R. Chronic liver diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease. Acta Med Croatica 2011;65(4):349-53.              

Yasuda K, Okuda K, Endo N, et al. Hypoaminotransferasemia in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis: clinical and biochemical appraisal. Gastroenterology 1995;109(4):1295-300.          

Mustafa LA, Al-Abachi SB, Khalaf DS. Some biochemical changes in serum of hemodialysis patients. Natl J Chem 2008;32:695-700.             

Ray L, Nanda SK, Chatterjee A, et al. A comparative study of serum aminotransferases in chronic kidney disease with and without end-stage renal disease: need for new reference ranges. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 2015;5(1):31-5.            

Fabrizi F, Lunghi G, Finazzi S, et al. Decreased serum aminotransferase activity in patients with chronic renal failure: impact on the detection of viral hepatitis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2001;38(5):1009-15.              

Lopes EP, Sette LH, Sette JB, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels, hematocrit rate and body weight correlations before and after hemodialysis session. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009;64(10):941-5.             

Sette LHBC, de Almeida LEP. The reduction of serum aminotransferase levels is proportional to the decline of the glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015;70(5):346-9. 

Huang JW, Yen CJ, Pai Mf, et al. Association between serum aspartate transaminase and homocysteine levels in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;40(6):1195-201.              

Hung KY, Lee KC, Yen CJ, et al. Revised cut-off values of serum aminotransferase in detecting viral hepatitis among CAPD patients: experience from Taiwan, an endemic area for hepatitis B. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(1):180-3.            

Sette LH, de Almeida LEP. Liver enzymes serum levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a comprehensive review. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2014;69(4):271-8.      

Magnusson P, Sharp CA, Magnusson M, et al. Effect of chronic renal failure on bone turnover and bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms. Kidney International 2001;60(1):257-65

Torres PU. Bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms in chronic renal failure. Kidney International 2002;61(3):1178-9.                      

Beddhu S, Ma X, Baird B, et al. Serum alkaline phosphatase and mortality in African Americans with chronic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;4(11):1805-10.           

Magnusson P, Degerblad M, Saaf M, et al. Different responses of bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms during recombinant insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and during growth hormone therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1997;12(2):210-20.