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Year : 2019 Month : February Volume : 8 Issue : 7 Page : 412-415,

COMPARISON OF GHRELIN HORMONE AMONG PREGNANT SUDANESE WOMEN.

Mutasem Mahmoud Abdallah Ahmed1, Kamal Ahmed Abdelsalam2, Mutaz Ibrahim Hassan3

1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shendi University, Khartoum, Sudan.
2Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Applied Medical College, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia.
3Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shendi University, Khartoum, Sudan.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Mutasem Mahmoud Abdallah Ahmed,
Email : mutasemlab3@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Corresponding Author:
Mutasem Mahmoud Abdallah Ahmed,
Department of Clinical Chemistry,
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
Shendi University, Sudan. Khartoum, Sudan.
E-mail: mutasemlab3@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Multipara is basically understood to be a parity of two or higher and has stable relationship with obstetric complaints. It could be seen as a reason for unhealthy maternal and neonatal outcome.

Aims and Objectives- 1. to compare the levels of ghrelin hormone in multiparity with nulliparity and primi parity, 2. to assess the levels of ghrelin hormone in multiparity according to parity, age, gestational age, body mass index, number of miscarriages and type of delivery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This case control study of four hundred women aged 20-48 years from two hospitals in Khartoum state. Women were grouped into three groups comprising multiparity, primiparity and nulliparity. Questionnaires were given to the women and their blood samples were collected via vein puncture in early morning (8:00 – 11:00 am); after centrifugation of blood sample, these were analysed for ghrelin levels by using fully-automated ELISA. The sample size was taken for convenience.

RESULTS

Ghrelin levels showed significant changes in multiparity group when compared to nulliparity and also primiparity (p value<0.05). In multiparity group, ghrelin levels showed insignificant changes when classified according to age and BMI, (p value>0.05); but showed significant change when classified according to parity, type of delivery and number of miscarriage (p value<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Clinically, multiparity produces a significant variation in ghrelin level in pregnant women.

KEY WORDS

Multiparity, Primiparity, Nulliparity, Ghrelin.

 

BACKGROUND

In medical practice, the parity is the number of times a lady has become pregnant and so attained the pregnancies to gestational age.[1] Any woman having birth a couple of times is termed multipara; while grand multipara illustrates the occurrence birth five or higher [2]. Grand multi parity is assumed to be an individual reason behind raising unhealthy consequences for both of fetus and also mothers particularly diabetics, antepartum and postpartum bleeding, mal-presentation, caesarean section, iron deficiency anaemia, and a high perinatal mortality rate.[3] Newer studies have confirmed that in the existence of suitable perinatal attention, grand multiparity will not regarded an obstetrical trouble condition.[4] The majority of the studies argued that grand multiparas are more likely to be of old age which might be the reasons for increased morbidity and mortality. Such factor is difficult to be removed clinically because women’s age is the most important biological variable that influences the reproductive health issue [5].

Few researches showed that maternal grand multiparity perhaps expects an additional complications of psychopathology in mature children as a third or later-born child have an increased risk of personality and behavioural disorders in adult life.[6] However, it remains unknown if the risks associated with maternal grand multiparity for mental disorders in the offspring persist after the transition into adulthood and to a more independent role in the society. It is also uncertain if maternal grand multiparity is independently associated with the risk of mental disorders or whether the associations found are confounded by maternal age at childbirth.[7]

Lenomorelin (INN),[8] the hunger hormone, is a neuropeptide hormone produced by ghrelinergic cells in the gastrointestinal tract.[9,10] Besides regulating appetite, it also plays a significant role in regulating the energy.[11] When the stomach is empty, lenomorelin is secreted, but when the stomach is stretched, secretion stops. It works on brain tissue to escalate hunger level and also to raise gastric acid secretion accelerating gastrointestinal motility to organize the systems for coming nutrition [12]. On the other hand, it may decrease fertility [13]. Cord blood levels of active and total ghrelin show a correlation between lenomorelin levels and birth weight.[14] Within panic unrest, the nervous tension speeds up lenomorelin flow which proved to be important for emotional stress to upsurge scare response. So, it is regulated by stress even in the absence of adrenal hormones. Blocking the lenomorelin receptor during stress abolished fear stress without blunting other markers of stress. These results suggest that lenomorelin is a novel branch of the stress response. Human studies are needed to translate the use of anti- lenomorelin treatments to prevent stress-induced psychiatric disorders.[15]

And therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate effect of multiparity on ghrelin hormone compared to primiparity and nulliparity in Sudanese pregnant women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was designed to be a case control study, this study was conducted in Khartoum State, Jabal Awlia Hospital, and Omdurman Maternity Hospital. The study was carried out during the period from September 2016 to April 2019. Four hundred women were enrolled in this study; 200 were multiparity pregnant women as study group, 100 were primiparity pregnant women as control positive group and 100 were nulliparity (Non-pregnant women) were the control negative group. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. All participants were in their fertility period and/or premenopausal period, in age of 20-48 years old. Women were grouped into three groups comprising multiparity, primiparity and nulliparity. Questionnaires were administered to the women and their blood samples were collected via vein puncture in early morning (8:00 – 11:00 am). After centrifugation of blood sample, these were analysed for ghrelin hormone levels by using full-automated ELISA. All pregnant women were at 26-34 weeks gestational age. Since the duration of the study was less. The women were selected by convenience sampling technique. The sample size required was taken for convenience.

 

Ethical Considerations

This case control study was approved by the research committee – College of Medical Laboratory Sciences–Shendi University. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before taking the samples.

Venous blood was collected using antiseptic for the skin, as well as data concerning any sample from clinical chemistry laboratories according to Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Seven ml venous blood samples were obtained from each female using standard venipuncture technique, [16] in serum separator tubes (SST). After 15 minutes, serum specimens were collected in plane container after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The serum stored frozen (-20°C) in a tightly sealed tube for only 2 weeks and then analyzed. Specimens should be allowed to come to room temperature and then mixed thoroughly by gentle inversion before assaying. Then ghrelin was measured by automated Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.

 

Quality Controls and Managements

Blood was collected with care and adequate safety precautions to ensure test results were reliable. Quality Assurance (QA) and standard Operating System was followed for all biological and clinical tests to achieve validity and reliability of test results.

 

Methods of BMI Estimation

It calculates a value indicative of the fat content of the body by dividing the weight by the square of height.[17]

 

 

BMI Categories

 

Categories

BMI

Underweight

Less than 18.5

Normal Weight

18.5 – 24.9

Overweight

25 – 29.9

Obese

30 or Higher

 

All pregnant women take drugs affecting on estimation and/or with major hormonal disorder along with those refused to participate in this study were excluded.

 

Statistical Analysis

All data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. In results with only two set of data, unpaired student’s test with Welch correction (unequal sample size) was used. Though the SD values were high in some parameters, ANOVA was used as it has been reported to be robust for different types of data.[18]

 

RESULTS

 

Table 1 and Figure 2: shows the statistics of demographic data and biochemical parameters computed for the three groups (Nulliparity, Primiparity and Multiparity). The results showed that there is statistical significance difference between the groups means for all parameters respectively.

 

Parameters

Multiparity

Primiparity

Nulliparity

r

p-Value

r

p-Value

r

p-Value

Age –Ghrelin

0.314

0.000

0.120

0.233

0.006

0.953

BMI- Ghrelin

0.029

0.683

-0.050

0.625

-0.045

0.0659

Table 2. Spearman Correlation Coefficient (R) Between Demographic Data and Biochemical Parameters Within Groups

 

Table 2. There was a week positive correlation between ghrelin and age among multiparous women. This correlation was found to be statistically significant.

 

There were significant changes in ghrelin hormone according to number of parity, in which the maximum value were in para seven pregnant women and the minimum value where in para five pregnant women (p value = 0.017).

 

There were significant changes in ghrelin hormone according to number of miscarriages, in which the highest value was in pregnant women has one time of miscarriage and the lowest value where in non-miscarriage pregnant women (p value = 0.000).

 

DISCUSSION

The pregnancy is involved with multiple physiological and morphological modifications to fit the requirements of the growing fetus. Those variations are concerned to produce deleterious results for mother and infant due to the number of gestations.

In the current study, the results displayed that the mean level of ghrelin in pregnant females increases significantly (p. value <0.05) compared to non-pregnant (Nulliparity), but the results showed significant low levels of ghrelin in multi parity and significant high levels of ghrelin were in primiparity pregnant ladies. The same results were found in the report of Onur et al.[19] that also mentioned that preeclampsia can increase ghrelin significantly.

In this study, the ages of the multi parity pregnant women were divided into three groups, less than (or equal to) 29 years old (45% of participants), from 30-41 years old (54.25% of participants) and more than (or equal to) 42 years old (0.75% of participants); accordingly, the results of ghrelin hormone showed insignificant changes (p value < 0.05). And proved to these results, the study of Victoria                 et al.[20] Concluded significant age-related changes in the female hormones during reproductive years.

The BMI in multiparty group within this study showed insignificant effect in the mean level of ghrelin hormone (p value > 0.05); nevertheless, previous studies were showed that multi parity being a risk factor for obesity in later life either before or after menopause and definitely real association between the number of parities and obesity was noticed.[21]

The delivery type of multi parity women in this study showed significant alteration in the mean level of ghrelin hormone, in which the maximum value was in the pregnant women delivered by caesarean section, and the minimum value where in the pregnant women delivered by a normal term. This result is opposite to the report of Abel Hakeem  et al.[22] who concluded that delivery mode will not affect the cord ghrelin levels.

In this study, the number of parity of multiparity pregnant women showed significant effect in the mean level of ghrelin hormone in which the maximum value was in 7th parity and the minimum value was in 5th parity. This result proved the report of Alan et al.[23] who suggesting a profound effect of parity on maternal hormones levels.

The number of miscarriages of pregnant women within this study displayed significant effect in the mean level of ghrelin hormone (p value<0.05). The results exhibited that pregnant woman with one time of miscarriage has the maximum ghrelin value while the minimum value was in pregnant women with zero time of miscarriage.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the levels of ghrelin hormone was significantly affected by multi parity, delivery type, parity and number of miscarriages of the pregnant women.

 

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